See More About:
* chemical names
* compounds
* nomenclature
* household chemicals
"These are cubic crystals of table salt or sodium chloride."
You might call these salt crystals, but there are many types of salt, so it would be more precise to call them sodium chloride crystals.
Björn Appel
Chemical or scientific names are used to give an accurate description of a substance's composition. Even so, you rarely ask someone to pass the sodium chloride at the dinner table. It's important to remember that common names are inaccurate and vary from one place and time to another. Therefore, don't assume that you know the chemical composition of a substance based on its common name. This is a list of archaic chemical names and common names for chemicals, with their modern or IUPAC equivalent name. You also may be interested in the list of common chemicals and where to find them.
Common Chemical Names
Common Name Chemical Name
acetone dimethyl ketone; 2-propanone (usually known as acetone)
acid potassium sulfate potassium bisulfate
acid of sugar oxalic acid
ackey nitric acid
alcali volatil ammonium hydroxide
alcohol, grain ethyl alcohol
alcohol sulfuris carbon disulfide
alcohol, wood methyl alcohol
alum aluminum potassium sulfate
alumina aluminum oxide
antichlor sodium thiosulfate
antifreeze ethylene glycol
antimony black antimony trisulfide
antimony bloom antimony trioxide
antimony glance antimony trisulfide
antimony red (vermillion) antimony oxysulfide
aqua ammonia aqueous solution of ammonium hydroxide
aqua fortis nitric acid
aqua regia nitrohydrochloric acid
aromatic spirit of ammonia ammonia in alcohol
arsenic glass arsenic trioxide
azurite mineral form of basic copper carbonate
asbestos magnesium silicate
aspirin acetylsalicylic acid
baking soda sodium bicarbonate
banana oil (artificial) isoamyl acetate
barium white barium sulfate
benzol benzene
bicarbonate of soda sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium bicarbonate
bichloride of mercury mercuric chloride
bichrome potassium dichromate
bitter salt magnesium sulfate
black ash crude form of sodium carbonate
black copper oxide cupric oxide
black lead graphite (carbon)
blanc-fixe barium sulfate
bleaching powder chlorinated lime; calcium hypochlorite
blue copperas copper sulfate (crystals)
blue lead lead sulfate
blue salts nickel sulfate
blue stone copper sulfate (crystals)
blue vitriol copper sulfate
bluestone copper sulfate
bone ash crude calcium phosphate
bone black crude animal charcoal
boracic acid boric acid
borax sodium borate; sodium tetraborate
bremen blue basic copper carbonate
brimstone sulfur
burnt alum anhydrous potassium aluminum sulfate
burnt lime calcium oxide
burnt ochre ferric oxide
burnt ore ferric oxide
brine aqueous sodium chloride solution
butter of antimony antimony trichloride
butter of tin anhydrous stannic chloride
butter of zinc zinc chloride
calomel mercury chloride; mercurous chloride
carbolic acid phenol
carbonic acid gas carbon dioxide
caustic lime calcium hydroxide
caustic potash potassium hydroxide
caustic soda sodium hydroxide
chalk calcium carbonate
Chile saltpeter sodium nitrate
Chile nitre sodium nitrate
Chinese red basic lead chromate
Chinese white zinc oxide
chloride of soda sodium hypochlorite
chloride of lime calcium hypochlorite
chrome alum chromic potassium sulfate
chrome green chromium oxide
chrome yellow lead (VI) chromate
chromic acid chromium trioxide
copperas ferrous sulfate
corrosive sublimate mercury (II) chloride
corundum (ruby, sapphire) chiefly aluminum oxide
cream of tartar potassium bitartrate
crocus powder ferric oxide
crystal carbonate sodium carbonate
dechlor sodium thiophosphate
diamond carbon crystal
emery powder impure aluminum oxide
epsom salts magnesium sulfate
ethanol ethyl alcohol
farina starch
ferro prussiate potassium ferricyanide
ferrum iron
flores martis anhydride iron (III) chloride
fluorspar natural calcium fluoride
fixed white barium sulfate
flowers of sulfur sulfur
'flowers of' any metal oxide of the metal
formalin aqueous formaldehyde solution
French chalk natural magnesium silicate
French vergidris basic copper acetate
galena natural lead sulfide
Glauber's salt sodium sulfate
green verditer basic copper carbonate
green vitriol ferrous sulfate crystals
gypsum natural calcium sulfate
hard oil boiled linseed oil
heavy spar barium sulfate
hydrocyanic acid hydrogen cynanide
hypo (photography) sodium thiosulfate solution
Indian red ferric oxide
Isinglass agar-agar gelatin
jeweler's rouge ferric oxide
killed spirits zinc chloride
lampblack crude form of carbon; charcoal
laughing gas nitrous oxide
lead peroxide lead dioxide
lead protoxide lead oxide
lime calcium oxide
lime, slaked calcium hydroxide
limewater aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide
liquor ammonia ammonium hydroxide solution
litharge lead monoxide
lunar caustic silver nitrate
liver of sulfur sufurated potash
lye or soda lye sodium hydroxide
magnesia magnesium oxide
manganese black manganese dioxide
marble mainly calcium carbonate
mercury oxide, black mercurous oxide
methanol methyl alcohol
methylated spirits methyl alcohol
milk of lime calcium hydroxide
milk of magnesium magnesium hydroxide
milk of sulfur precipitated sulfur
"muriate" of a metal chloride of the metal
muriatic acid hydrochloric acid
natron sodium carbonate
nitre potassium nitrate
nordhausen acid fuming sulfuric acid
oil of mars deliquescent anhydrous iron (III) chloride
oil of vitriol sulfuric acid
oil of wintergreen (artificial) methyl salicylate
orthophosphoric acid phosphoric acid
Paris blue ferric ferrocyanide
Paris green copper acetoarsenite
Paris white powdered calcium carbonate
pear oil (artificial) isoamyl acetate
pearl ash potassium carbonate
permanent white barium sulfate
plaster of Paris calcium sulfate
plumbago graphite
potash potassium carbonate
potassa potassium hydroxide
precipitated chalk calcium carbonate
Prussic acid hydrogen cyanide
pyro tetrasodium pyrophosphate
quicklime calcium oxide
quicksilver mercury
red lead lead tetraoxide
red liquor aluminum acetate solution
red prussiate of potash potassium ferrocyanide
red prussiate of soda sodium ferrocyanide
Rochelle salt potassium sodium tartrate
rock salt sodium chloride
rouge, jeweler's ferric oxide
rubbing alcohol isopropyl alcohol
sal ammoniac ammonium chloride
sal soda sodium carbonate
salt, table sodium chloride
salt of lemon potassium binoxalate
salt of tartar potassium carbonate
saltpeter potassium nitrate
silica silicon dioxide
slaked lime calcium hydroxide
soda ash sodium carbonate
soda nitre sodium nitrate
soda lye sodium hydroxide
soluble glass sodium silicate
sour water dilute sulfuric acid
spirit of hartshorn ammonium hydroxide solution
spirit of salt hydrochloric acid
spirit of wine ethyl alcohol
spirits of nitrous ether ethyl nitrate
sugar, table sucrose
sugar of lead lead acetate
sulfuric ether ethyl ether
talc or talcum magnesium silicate
tin crystals stannous chloride
trona natural sodium carbonate
unslaked lime calcium oxide
Venetian red ferric oxide
verdigris basic copper acetate
Vienna lime calcium carbonate
vinegar impure dilute acetic acid
vitamin C ascorbic acid
vitriol sulfuric acid
washing soda sodium carbonate
water glass sodium silicate
white caustic sodium hydroxide
white lead basic lead carbonate
white vitriol zinc sulfate crystals
yellow prussiate of potash potassium ferrocyanide
yellow prussiate of soda sodium ferrocyanide
zinc vitriol zinc sulfate
zinc white zinc oxide
Showing posts with label baking soda. Show all posts
Showing posts with label baking soda. Show all posts
Monday, May 2, 2011
Wednesday, April 20, 2011
What is Lime?
Lime chemical terminology explained - click here
Building lime terminology explained - click here
Other chemical & misc. terminology explained - click here
Lime is made from calcium carbonate. This can be found in a variety of forms for example chalk, limestone or sea shells. In the British Isles sources are almost invariably chalk or limestone. In the case of Singleton Birch, it is mainly chalk quarried in Lincolnshire.
To convert the raw material into lime, heating to temperatures between 800 C - 1000 C is required. At these temperatures the chalk breaks down by giving off carbon dioxide leaving calcium oxide which is known as quicklime.
Quicklime is unstable and reacts, often very rapidly, with water to form calcium hydroxide. This process produces heat and is known as hydration. When exposed to the atmosphere this calcium hydroxide can react again by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to once again become calcium carbonate.
This is known as the lime cycle and is shown in the diagram below.
It is calcium hydroxide which, when mixed with sand to make a mortar, builders have used over the millennia. The setting process is the re-absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere called carbonation.
Calcium hydroxide can be used by Builders in two forms, firstly, if it is hydrated with an excess of water, lime putty is produced or if the water quantity is reduced a powder is formed which can be bagged.
All sources of pure calcium carbonate produce a similar result, however the Romans discovered that the calcium hydroxide would also react with volcanic ash, essentially a mixture of silica and alumina. The resulting mixes set very much harder and for the first time enabled structures of high strength to be built. By varying the quantity of silica and alumina, mortars (and lime concretes) of different strengths could be produced. These reactions are referred to as pozzolanic, from the town of Pozzuoli in Italy from where the original material came.
The processes described so far use chalk or limestone that is relatively pure containing over 95% calcium carbonate. However some limestones are less pure and can contain quantities of silica and alumina which when heated produce very similar results to the Roman mixes of pure lime with volcanic ash. These impure limestones if they contain quantities of silica and alumina are referred to as Natural Hydraulic Limes (NHL).
Hydraulic in this context refers to the ability of the material to set under water as opposed to pure air limes which can only set when exposed to atmospheric carbon dioxide. As with addition of pozzolanic silica and alumina, the strength of NHL's depends upon the quality of these materials in the limestone. As the quantities increase so does the strength but also the free lime (calcium hydroxide) in the mortar reduces so that the set depends more on chemical reaction and the process of carbonation reduces.
Singleton Birch have worked to develop a range of NHL products by sourcing the appropriate chalk or limestone for burning, based on its' geology and mineralogy.
back to top
Lime terminology
calcium carbonate
also known as: chalk, limestone, agricultural lime
chemical formula: CaCO3
calcium oxide
also known as: quicklime, burnt lime
chemical formula: CaO
calcium hydroxide
also known as: hydrated lime, slaked lime
chemical formula: Ca(OH)2
back to top
Building Lime terminology
Air lime
Air lime, or high calcium lime does not have any hydraulic component. It can be quicklime for slaking or hydrated lime. It gains strength slowly, by combining with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate (as per the lime cycle). Several grades of air lime are identified in EN459 the European standard for Building Lime.
Hydraulic lime
Lime with hydraulic or cementitious properties which will set when exposed to moisture. Several grades of hydraulic lime are identified in EN459 the European standard for Building Lime.
Natural hydraulic lime
Hydraulic lime which does not contain any performance enhancing additives. Its properties are as a result of the mineralogy of the calcium carbonate stone which is quarried for burning.
Hydrated lime
Hydrated lime is NOT hydraulic lime and will not set in contact with water.
CL90 & CL90 S
Grades of air lime for building as described in EN459 the European standard for Building Lime. CL90 is the purest grade of building quicklime and CL90 S is the purest grade of hydrated lime for building. Several grades of air lime are identified in EN459 the European standard for Building Lime.
back to top
Other chemical & misc. terminology
carbon dioxide
chemical formula: CO2
water
chemical formula: H20
silica
chemical formula: Si02
alumina
chemical formula: Al203
back to top
Building lime terminology explained - click here
Other chemical & misc. terminology explained - click here
Lime is made from calcium carbonate. This can be found in a variety of forms for example chalk, limestone or sea shells. In the British Isles sources are almost invariably chalk or limestone. In the case of Singleton Birch, it is mainly chalk quarried in Lincolnshire.
To convert the raw material into lime, heating to temperatures between 800 C - 1000 C is required. At these temperatures the chalk breaks down by giving off carbon dioxide leaving calcium oxide which is known as quicklime.
Quicklime is unstable and reacts, often very rapidly, with water to form calcium hydroxide. This process produces heat and is known as hydration. When exposed to the atmosphere this calcium hydroxide can react again by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to once again become calcium carbonate.
This is known as the lime cycle and is shown in the diagram below.
It is calcium hydroxide which, when mixed with sand to make a mortar, builders have used over the millennia. The setting process is the re-absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere called carbonation.
Calcium hydroxide can be used by Builders in two forms, firstly, if it is hydrated with an excess of water, lime putty is produced or if the water quantity is reduced a powder is formed which can be bagged.
All sources of pure calcium carbonate produce a similar result, however the Romans discovered that the calcium hydroxide would also react with volcanic ash, essentially a mixture of silica and alumina. The resulting mixes set very much harder and for the first time enabled structures of high strength to be built. By varying the quantity of silica and alumina, mortars (and lime concretes) of different strengths could be produced. These reactions are referred to as pozzolanic, from the town of Pozzuoli in Italy from where the original material came.
The processes described so far use chalk or limestone that is relatively pure containing over 95% calcium carbonate. However some limestones are less pure and can contain quantities of silica and alumina which when heated produce very similar results to the Roman mixes of pure lime with volcanic ash. These impure limestones if they contain quantities of silica and alumina are referred to as Natural Hydraulic Limes (NHL).
Hydraulic in this context refers to the ability of the material to set under water as opposed to pure air limes which can only set when exposed to atmospheric carbon dioxide. As with addition of pozzolanic silica and alumina, the strength of NHL's depends upon the quality of these materials in the limestone. As the quantities increase so does the strength but also the free lime (calcium hydroxide) in the mortar reduces so that the set depends more on chemical reaction and the process of carbonation reduces.
Singleton Birch have worked to develop a range of NHL products by sourcing the appropriate chalk or limestone for burning, based on its' geology and mineralogy.
back to top
Lime terminology
calcium carbonate
also known as: chalk, limestone, agricultural lime
chemical formula: CaCO3
calcium oxide
also known as: quicklime, burnt lime
chemical formula: CaO
calcium hydroxide
also known as: hydrated lime, slaked lime
chemical formula: Ca(OH)2
back to top
Building Lime terminology
Air lime
Air lime, or high calcium lime does not have any hydraulic component. It can be quicklime for slaking or hydrated lime. It gains strength slowly, by combining with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate (as per the lime cycle). Several grades of air lime are identified in EN459 the European standard for Building Lime.
Hydraulic lime
Lime with hydraulic or cementitious properties which will set when exposed to moisture. Several grades of hydraulic lime are identified in EN459 the European standard for Building Lime.
Natural hydraulic lime
Hydraulic lime which does not contain any performance enhancing additives. Its properties are as a result of the mineralogy of the calcium carbonate stone which is quarried for burning.
Hydrated lime
Hydrated lime is NOT hydraulic lime and will not set in contact with water.
CL90 & CL90 S
Grades of air lime for building as described in EN459 the European standard for Building Lime. CL90 is the purest grade of building quicklime and CL90 S is the purest grade of hydrated lime for building. Several grades of air lime are identified in EN459 the European standard for Building Lime.
back to top
Other chemical & misc. terminology
carbon dioxide
chemical formula: CO2
water
chemical formula: H20
silica
chemical formula: Si02
alumina
chemical formula: Al203
back to top
Lime Mineral Data
Help on Chemical Formula: Chemical Formula: CaO
Help on Composition: Composition: Molecular Weight = 56.08 gm
Calcium 71.47 % Ca 100.00 % CaO
Oxygen 28.53 % O
______ ______
100.00 % 100.00 % = TOTAL OXIDE
Help on Empirical Formula: Empirical Formula: CaO
Help on Environment: Environment: Thermally metamorphosed calcareous ejecta.
Help on IMA Status: IMA Status: Valid Species (Pre-IMA) 1935
Help on Locality: Locality: Vesuvius, Campania, Italy Link to MinDat.org Location Data.
Help on Name Origin: Name Origin: Named from the Old English, quicklime.
Help on Name Pronunciation: Name Pronunciation: Lime Say LIME
Help on Synonym: Synonym: Calcium Oxide
Chaux
ICSD 75785
PDF 37-1497
Help on Composition: Composition: Molecular Weight = 56.08 gm
Calcium 71.47 % Ca 100.00 % CaO
Oxygen 28.53 % O
______ ______
100.00 % 100.00 % = TOTAL OXIDE
Help on Empirical Formula: Empirical Formula: CaO
Help on Environment: Environment: Thermally metamorphosed calcareous ejecta.
Help on IMA Status: IMA Status: Valid Species (Pre-IMA) 1935
Help on Locality: Locality: Vesuvius, Campania, Italy Link to MinDat.org Location Data.
Help on Name Origin: Name Origin: Named from the Old English, quicklime.
Help on Name Pronunciation: Name Pronunciation: Lime Say LIME
Help on Synonym: Synonym: Calcium Oxide
Chaux
ICSD 75785
PDF 37-1497
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)